In practice, I usually find that using a UITableView makes most sense for displaying scrollable content in an app, however every now and again it is handy to use a UIScrollView + UIStackView. The problem is: it occurs infrequently enough that I cannot recall how to set up the constraints! So here’s my notes for my future reference, and hopefully yours too :)
Here’s a screenshot of how to set it up in Xcode: (click to zoom)
If you want each child of the stack to be a whole ‘page’:
Thanks for reading, I hope this is helpful, God bless :)
Photo by Fernando Andrade on Unsplash
I recently had to perform RSA encryption/decryption in Swift for an iOS app. Unfortunately I couldn’t find any examples for how to do this without bringing in a library dependency, which I really wanted to avoid to keep the app efficient and because I can’t reasonably vet their code. And besides: Apple already provides the Security.framework which handles RSA, so it’d be a shame not to use it. It doesn’t bridge nicely to Swift however, so here’s a wrapper I wrote to help use it. I couldn’t find any good examples on the internet so I hope this helps someone:
import Security
// See: https://developer.apple.com/documentation/security/certificate_key_and_trust_services/keys
extension SecKey {
enum KeyType {
case rsa
case ellipticCurve
var secAttrKeyTypeValue: CFString {
switch self {
case .rsa:
return kSecAttrKeyTypeRSA
case .ellipticCurve:
return kSecAttrKeyTypeECSECPrimeRandom
}
}
}
/// Creates a random key.
/// Elliptic curve bits options are: 192, 256, 384, or 521.
static func createRandomKey(type: KeyType, bits: Int) throws -> SecKey {
var error: Unmanaged<CFError>?
let keyO = SecKeyCreateRandomKey([
kSecAttrKeyType: type.secAttrKeyTypeValue,
kSecAttrKeySizeInBits: NSNumber(integerLiteral: bits),
] as CFDictionary, &error)
// See here for apple's sample code for memory-managing returned errors
// from the Security framework:
// https://developer.apple.com/documentation/security/certificate_key_and_trust_services/keys/storing_keys_as_data
if let error = error?.takeRetainedValue() { throw error }
guard let key = keyO else { throw MyErrors.nilKey }
return key
}
/// Gets the public key from a key pair.
func publicKey() throws -> SecKey {
let publicKeyO = SecKeyCopyPublicKey(self)
guard let publicKey = publicKeyO else { throw MyErrors.nilPublicKey }
return publicKey
}
/// Exports a key.
/// RSA keys are returned in PKCS #1 / DER / ASN.1 format.
/// EC keys are returned in ANSI X9.63 format.
func externalRepresentation() throws -> Data {
var error: Unmanaged<CFError>?
let dataO = SecKeyCopyExternalRepresentation(self, &error)
if let error = error?.takeRetainedValue() { throw error }
guard let data = dataO else { throw MyErrors.nilExternalRepresentation }
return data as Data
}
// Self must be the public key returned by publicKey().
// Algorithm should be SecKeyAlgorithm.rsaEncryption* or .eciesEncryption*
func encrypt(algorithm: SecKeyAlgorithm, plaintext: Data) throws -> Data {
var error: Unmanaged<CFError>?
let ciphertextO = SecKeyCreateEncryptedData(self, algorithm,
plaintext as CFData, &error)
if let error = error?.takeRetainedValue() { throw error }
guard let ciphertext = ciphertextO else { throw MyErrors.nilCiphertext }
return ciphertext as Data
}
// Self must be the private/public key pair returned by createRandomKey().
// Algorithm should be SecKeyAlgorithm.rsaEncryption* or .eciesEncryption*
func decrypt(algorithm: SecKeyAlgorithm, ciphertext: Data) throws -> Data {
var error: Unmanaged<CFError>?
let plaintextO = SecKeyCreateDecryptedData(self, algorithm,
ciphertext as CFData, &error)
if let error = error?.takeRetainedValue() { throw error }
guard let plaintext = plaintextO else { throw MyErrors.nilPlaintext }
return plaintext as Data
}
enum MyErrors: Error {
case nilKey
case nilPublicKey
case nilExternalRepresentation
case nilCiphertext
case nilPlaintext
}
}
It boils down to calling:
Here’s some demo code for using the above:
// Elliptic curve test.
do {
let keyPair = try SecKey.createRandomKey(
type: .ellipticCurve,
bits: 384)
let publicKey = try keyPair.publicKey()
let plain = "Chuck Norris has counted to infinity. Twice.".data(using: .utf8)!
let ciphertext = try publicKey.encrypt(
algorithm: .eciesEncryptionStandardVariableIVX963SHA256AESGCM,
plaintext: plain)
let plainAgain = try keyPair.decrypt(
algorithm: .eciesEncryptionStandardVariableIVX963SHA256AESGCM,
ciphertext: ciphertext)
let string = String(data: plainAgain, encoding: .utf8)! // Don't force-unwrap in real code.
print("EC decrypted: " + string)
} catch {
print("Error: \(error)")
}
// RSA test.
do {
let keyPair = try SecKey.createRandomKey(
type: .rsa,
bits: 2048)
let publicKey = try keyPair.publicKey()
let plain = "Chuck Norris can set ants on fire with a magnifying glass. At night.".data(using: .utf8)!
let ciphertext = try publicKey.encrypt(
algorithm: .rsaEncryptionOAEPSHA1AESGCM,
plaintext: plain)
let plainAgain = try keyPair.decrypt(
algorithm: .rsaEncryptionOAEPSHA1AESGCM,
ciphertext: ciphertext)
let string = String(data: plainAgain, encoding: .utf8)! // Don't force-unwrap in real code.
print("RSA decrypted: " + string)
} catch {
print("Error: \(error)")
}
If you’re integrating with an existing system, you’ll simply have to match their key type and algorithm. But if it’s up to you, here’s some tips for how to choose:
Read Apple’s headers! In Xcode, command-click on SecKeyAlgorithm
and read the comments above it. Many algorithms will be noted as legacy, so avoid if possible. And some do not support arbitrary-length data which might be a problem for you. So choose wisely.
And a reasonable option in my opinion is:
I’m not a qualified cryptographer, this information carries no warranty, you should talk to a qualified security professional about the implications of when to use this appropriately!
Thanks for reading, I hope this is helpful, God bless :)
Photo by David Clode on Unsplash
So Async and Await has finally come to Swift, with the release of Xcode 13! Finally! Here’s some examples for practically using it with an existing codebase, interfacing with normal (synchronous) functions.
Say you have a function with a completion Result<T, Error> callback, you can wrap it to convert it to async/await code using withCheckedThrowingContinuation
like so:
// Convert a callback-style function to async await.
func getUser(name: String) async throws -> String {
try await withCheckedThrowingContinuation {
continuation in
getUserViaCallback(name: name, completion: {
result in
continuation.resume(with: result)
})
}
}
A Result.failure will thus become a thrown error, and a Result.success will be a returned String.
For reference, the function with the completion handler that we’re wrapping above is:
// Completion callback (non async/await) network function.
func getUserViaCallback(name: String, completion:
@escaping (Result<String, Error>) -> ()) {
enum MyErrors: Error {
case encoding
case badUrl
case noData
case badData
}
guard let safeName = name.addingPercentEncoding(
withAllowedCharacters: .urlQueryAllowed) else {
completion(.failure(MyErrors.encoding))
return
}
let urlStr = "https://hacker-news.firebaseio.com/v0/user/\(safeName).json"
guard let url = URL(string: urlStr) else {
completion(.failure(MyErrors.badUrl))
return
}
URLSession.shared.dataTask(with: url, completionHandler: {
data, response, error in
if let error = error {
completion(.failure(error))
}
guard let data = data else {
completion(.failure(MyErrors.noData))
return
}
guard let string = String(data: data, encoding: .utf8) else {
completion(.failure(MyErrors.badData))
return
}
let name = String(string.prefix(20)) // Silly example :)
completion(.success(name))
}).resume()
}
This is where async/await shines: Orchestrating multiple calls. This is a life-saver if you want to make readable code when you have a tricky backend that requires multiple calls to perform one ‘thing’:
// Example of how you can use await to elegantly orchestrate multiple network calls.
func getUsers() async throws -> [String] {
let a = try await getUser(name: "patio11")
let b = try await getUser(name: "dang")
let c = try await getUser(name: "pg")
let d = try await getUser(name: "llambda")
return [a, b, c, d]
}
Async/await is viral: Any async function must be called by another async one, all the way up the chain. Which obviously isn’t going to be possible with a UIKit app. The ‘trapdoor’ to exit this requirement is the async
function. The example below shows how you can use this to convert an async function into one with a familiar Result completion callback. It would be the responsibility of the caller to dispatch to the Main queue to update the UI:
// Call an async function from normal sync code.
// The completion is on an undefined thread/queue.
func getUsersWithCallback(completion: @escaping (Result<[String], Error>) -> ()) {
async {
do {
let users = try await getUsers()
completion(.success(users))
} catch {
completion(.failure(error))
}
}
}
Short answer: a GCD Global queue.
Long answer: Apple’s documentation is pretty vague when it comes to which thread your async functions run on. If you’re creating a server app, maybe this isn’t an issue. But if you’re writing a UIKit app, this is very important: You need to be on the main thread to do any UI updates, of course!
When calling an async func from a normal synchronous one, you use this helper:
async(priority: Task.Priority? = nil, operation: () async -> T)
The priorities are basically the same as the GCD ones you’d specify when asking for a global queue:
DispatchQueue.global(qos: DispatchQoS.QoSClass)
Thus I assume async functions simply run on the GCD global queue of whatever priority/QOS you specify (or you can leave it nil to get the default background queue).
As of writing (July 2021), your app will require iOS 15 to use async+await. Bummer. However: this is listed as an ‘issue’ in the Xcode beta release notes, which people are taking as a hint that Apple is hard at work resolving this so that your app will not require iOS 15 to use it, thus making it an option for a shipping app. Fingers crossed that once Xcode 13 comes out of beta, async/await will have some form of backwards compatibility.
Thanks for reading, I hope this is helpful, God bless :)
Photo by freezydreamin on Unsplash
You can see older posts in the right panel, under 'archive'.
Swift Security framework wrapper for RSA and Elliptic Curve encryption / decryption 21 Sep 2021
Simple, practical async await Swift examples 3 Jul 2021
Xcode pbxproj project generator in Swift 17 May 2021
UITableViewDiffableDataSource for adding and removing rows automatically to a table view in Swift 10 May 2021
Super simple iOS Combine example 23 Feb 2021
Introducing Chalkinator: Native desktop blogging app 7 Jun 2020
Flare: Open source 2-way folder sync to Backblaze B2 in Swift 28 May 2020
Making a baby monitor out of a couple of ESP32s, an I2S microphone, and a small speaker 16 Apr 2020
Chris' 2020 guide to hosting a HTTPS static site on AWS S3 + Cloudfront 15 Mar 2020
Simple Javascript debounce, no libraries needed 20 Feb 2020
Asynchronous NSOperations in Swift 5 3 Jan 2020
Deploying Golang Revel sites to AWS Elastic Beanstalk 9 Dec 2019
Golang and pure Swift Compression and Decompression 28 Jul 2019
Pure Swift simple Keychain wrapper 23 Jun 2019
Pure Swift 5 CommonCrypto AES Encryption 9 Jun 2019
Bluetooth example code for Swift/iOS 6 Jun 2019
Talking to a Bluetooth LE peripheral with Swift/iOS 18 May 2019
Obfuscating Keys using Swift 5 May 2019
State Machines in Swift using enums 10 Apr 2019
iOS timers without circular references with Pendulum 28 Mar 2019
Pragmatic Reactive Programming 11 Oct 2017
React Native first impressions 7 Apr 2017
Gondola 26 Feb 2017
Scalable Swift 22 Nov 2016
Swift 3 Migration 6 Nov 2016
Enum-Driven View Controllers 3 Jan 2016
Status bar colours: Everything there is to know 30 Dec 2015
Android server 20 Dec 2015
Generating heightmap terrain with Swift 8 Nov 2015
Swift Education Screencasts 27 Oct 2015
Swift Image Cache 24 Sep 2015
Don't be slack 13 Sep 2015
Swift KVO alternative 23 Jul 2015
Swift Keychain wrapper 21 Jun 2015
Swift NSURLSession wrapper 12 Jun 2015
iOS8 View Controller transitioning bug 17 Apr 2015
IB Designable 18 Mar 2015
iOS App Architecture 2 Mar 2015
Video Course Launch 14 Feb 2015
Video Course Pre-launch 8 Feb 2015
Blogging Platforms 13 Jan 2015
Mobile in 2014 - Year in Review 11 Jan 2015
Secret Keys talk 16 Nov 2014
Dimmi 11 Nov 2014
Project setup in Xcode6 22 Oct 2014
Uploading to an S3 bucket from iOS 15 Oct 2014
iOS8 App Testing Roundup 28 Sep 2014
Storing obfuscated secret keys in your iOS app 16 Sep 2014
Getting Core Location / CLLocationManager to work on iOS8 14 Sep 2014
Accessing the response body in failure blocks with AFNetworking 2 10 Sep 2014
How to allow your UITextFields to scroll out of the way of the keyboard 8 Sep 2014
How to subclass UIButton in iOS7 and make a UIButtonTypeSystem 4 Sep 2014
New season 1 Aug 2014
House finished 17 Jun 2014
WebP decoding on iOS 9 Feb 2014
Moving on again 22 Jan 2014
Lossy images for retina iPads - JPEG vs WebP 30 Nov 2013
Career options I wish I knew about when I was younger 20 Oct 2013
Positivity and your friends 7 Oct 2013
Tactility 26 Jul 2013
WWDC-induced narcolepsy 15 Jul 2013
Back on rails 31 May 2013
Full circle 6 May 2013
Programmatic UI on iOS 3 May 2013
Screencasts and positivity 8 Apr 2013
Year of positivity 14 Mar 2013
iOS Dev State of the Union 6 Feb 2013
Adventures with IAPs 3 Feb 2013
No longer a Googler 23 Dec 2012
Localising iPhone apps with Microsoft Translator 8 Dec 2012
Fight back (app biz update 13) 12 Nov 2012
Sent to the backburner (app biz update 12) 25 Oct 2012
Lisi Schappi 7 Oct 2012
Today's happy plateau (app biz update 11) 26 Aug 2012
First week's sales of Today (app biz update 10) 19 Aug 2012
Today launch! And a difficult decision made... (app biz update 9) 15 Aug 2012
Approved! (app biz update 8) 5 Aug 2012
Creating a graph in Objective-C on the iPhone 3 Aug 2012
Hurry up and wait (app biz update 7) 30 Jul 2012
Today app marketing site 27 Jul 2012
Today app submitted 25 Jul 2012
UIAlertView input wrapper 24 Jul 2012
Mentoring 23 Jul 2012
This is too hard! (app biz update 6) 20 Jul 2012
Perspectives (app biz update 5) 9 Jul 2012
4th starting-my-own-biz update 1 Jul 2012
ScrumFox landing page 28 Jun 2012
Server Scope landing page 27 Jun 2012
Telstra Calls and Data Usage 26 Jun 2012
Service History + Dropbox 26 Jun 2012
Impromptu Presenter 26 Jun 2012
Fertility Tracker 26 Jun 2012
Baby Allergy Tracker 26 Jun 2012
Starting my own business, update 3 22 Jun 2012
Starting my own business, update 2 17 Jun 2012
Starting my own business - First update 10 Jun 2012
I must be crazy 6 Jun 2012
Finding your location on an iPhone 7 May 2012
A generous career 4 May 2012
Skeleton Key Cocoaheads presentation 3 May 2012
CHBgDropboxSync - Dropbox auto-sync for your iOS apps 1 May 2012
That book about that Steve Jobs guy 30 Apr 2012
Another app marketing idea 23 Apr 2012
Sweet grouped tables on the iPhone 17 Apr 2012
Skeleton Key App 11 Apr 2012
Another app marketing idea... 5 Apr 2012
Quickly check for any missing retina graphics in your project 3 Apr 2012
Skeleton Key Password Manager with Dropbox 2 Apr 2012
RC Boat motor finally mounted 2 Apr 2012
Promoting apps presentation slides 1 Apr 2012
How i just wasted a month on my latest app, and how you don't need to 26 Mar 2012
The Finishing Line 20 Mar 2012
Using Launchd to run a script every 5 mins on a Mac 20 Feb 2012
Generating AES256 keys from a password/passphrase in ObjC 20 Feb 2012
Indie iPhone app marketing, part 2 19 Feb 2012
My App Manifesto: Syncing + Dropbox + YAML = Awesome 15 Feb 2012
Indie iPhone App Marketing part 1 7 Feb 2012
Perspectives 2 Feb 2012
Accountability and Free Will 1 Feb 2012
Badassery 31 Jan 2012
Sacrifice 30 Jan 2012
Lead Yourself First 29 Jan 2012
How to ping a server in Objective-C / iPhone 26 Jan 2012
iOS Automated Builds with Xcode4 16 Jan 2012
Xcode 4 - Command line builds of iPhone apps 15 Jan 2012
Guest post by Jason McDougall 13 Jan 2012
Scouts, Games and Motivation 10 Jan 2012
2011 Re-cap 8 Jan 2012
Ruby script to increment a build number 4 Jan 2012
Turning 30? All ideas, no execution? 18 Dec 2011
CHDropboxSync - simply sync your iOS app's documents to Dropbox 14 Dec 2011
Deep-enumerating a directory on the iphone, getting file attributes as you go 10 Dec 2011
Getting a date without the time component in objective-c 6 Dec 2011
Memory management in Objective-C 4 Dec 2011
Starting small 29 Nov 2011
Dictionary Types Helper 29 Nov 2011
Observer Pattern in Objective-C 16 Nov 2011
Why you should give presentations 13 Nov 2011
How to get a programming or design job in Sydney 9 Nov 2011
Custom nav bar / toolbar backgrounds in iOS5 8 Nov 2011
Stuck 27 Oct 2011
Dead easy singletons in Obj-C 19 Oct 2011
JSON vs OCON (Objective-C Object Notation) 18 Oct 2011
In defence of Objective-C 16 Oct 2011
Update the MessagePack objective-c library to support packing 12 Oct 2011
Icons 11 Oct 2011
How to host a site on Amazon AWS S3, step-by-step 7 Oct 2011
Drawing a textured pattern over the default UINavigationBar 6 Oct 2011
Markdown Presentations 1 Oct 2011
More MegaComet testing: Ruling out keepalives 15 Sep 2011
MegaComet test #4 - This time with more kernel 14 Sep 2011
Building People 10 Sep 2011
Half way there: Getting MegaComet to 523,000 concurrent HTTP connections 5 Sep 2011
Making a progress bar in your iPhone UINavigationBar 22 Aug 2011
Hacker News Reader 20 Aug 2011
How to programmatically resize elements for landscape vs portrait in your iphone interface 16 Aug 2011
MegaComet testing part 2 3 Aug 2011
Australian Baby Colours 28 Jul 2011
Boat prop shaft 25 Jul 2011
Megacomet with 1 million queued messages 24 Jul 2011
Installed the strut and rudder 18 Jul 2011
Painted the inside of the boat 17 Jul 2011
Fuzzy iphone graphics when using an UIImageView set to UIViewContentModeCenter 13 Jul 2011
My 3 Data and Calls Usage 11 Jul 2011
Reading a line from the console in node.js 10 Jul 2011
Trim whitespaces on all text fields in a view controller 9 Jul 2011
Final finish 9 Jul 2011
MessagePack parser for Objective-C / iPhone 30 Jun 2011
Lacquering the starboard side 25 Jun 2011
What do do with EXC_ARM_DA_ALIGN on an iPhone app 23 Jun 2011
Lacquering the hull 23 Jun 2011
Staining the boat 22 Jun 2011
NSMutableSet with weak references in objective-c 20 Jun 2011
Iphone gesture recogniser that works for baby games 20 Jun 2011
Image manipulation pixel by pixel in objective C for the iphone 19 Jun 2011
Baby Allergy Tracker 12 Jun 2011
Power sanding the deck 10 Jun 2011
Planing the edge of the deck 2 Jun 2011
Figured out the deck 2 Jun 2011
Boat bulkheads 2 Jun 2011
Simulating iOS memory warnings 31 May 2011
Putting a UIButton in a UIToolbar 29 May 2011
How to allow closing a UIActionSheet by tapping outside it 29 May 2011
Finding the currently visible view in a UITabBarController 24 May 2011
Random Chef 17 May 2011
Centered UIButton in a navigation bar on the iphone 16 May 2011
Little Orchard 13 May 2011
Boat update 13 May 2011
How to get the current time in all time zones for the iphone / obj-c 12 May 2011
Design portfolio 10 May 2011
Tricks with grand central dispatch, such as objective-c's equivalent to setTimeout 9 May 2011
How to make an iphone view controller detect left or right swipes 5 May 2011
Centered section headers on a UITableView 5 May 2011
Christmas in may 4 May 2011
Finished trimming the boat (its floatable now!) and got some parts 29 Apr 2011
How to make a multiline label with dynamic text on the iphone and get the correct height 27 Apr 2011
Forcing an image size on the image in a table view cell on an iphone 20 Apr 2011
Git on the Mac 19 Apr 2011
Build a url query string in obj-c from a dictionary of params like jquery does 12 Apr 2011
Rendering a radial gradient on the iphone / objective-c 11 Apr 2011
Skinning the port side of the boat 8 Apr 2011
Skinning the side of the boat 5 Apr 2011
Sending a UDP broadcast packet in C / Objective-C 5 Apr 2011
How to talk to a unix socket / named pipe with python 4 Apr 2011
Skinning the bottom of the boat 31 Mar 2011
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Extremely simple python threading 29 Mar 2011
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HttpContext vs HttpContextBase vs HttpContextWrapper 5 Nov 2010
Simple C# Wiki engine 30 Sep 2010
Simple way to throttle parts of your Asp.Net web app 29 Sep 2010
How to implement DES and Triple DES from scratch 4 Aug 2010
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Javascript date picker that Doesn't Suck!(tm) 27 Jul 2010
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